Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an animal? |
-Eukaryotic -Multicellular Heterotroph -No Cell Walls -Use ingestion (internal digestion) -Diploid, most reproduce sexually -Development controlled by specific homeotic genes |
|
History of Animal Diversity |
-Diverged from unikont ancestor 770 mya -Oldest fossils ~550-575 mil. years old -Rapid adaptive radiation ~535-525 mya -complex predator-prey relationships -increase in atmospheric oxygen -cambrian explosion (rapid increase in animal diversity) |
|
Cambrian Explosion |
period of rapid increase in animal diversity |
|
Animal bodies vary in: |
-symmetry -presence/absence of true tissues -# of embryonic layers -presence/absence of body cavity -embryonic development |
|
Radial Symmetry |
regular arrangement of parts around central axis |
|
Bilateral symmetry |
-mirror image right and left sides -dorsal and ventral sides -anterior and posterior ends |
|
Cephalization |
having a head |
|
Tissues |
specialized cells working together -4 different primary tissue types -not all animals have all tissue types |
|
4 Primary Tissue types |
-Epithelial -Connective -Muscular -Nervous |
|
Epithelial |
-Coverings and linings -protection -control of movement in and out of cells -secretion |
|
Types of epithelial tissues: |
-simple -stratified |
|
Simple epithelial tissues: |
-1 cell layer thick -squamous (flat) -cuboidal (square) -columnar (rectangular) |
|
Stratified epithelial tissues: |
-several cell layers thick |
|
Glands from epithelium: |
-exocrine glands: connection between the gland and epithelial membrane; ex: sweat, oil -endocrine glands: ductless glands; ex: ovaries,testes, adrenal |
|
Connective Tissue |
-binds, supports other tissue -scattered cells in extracellular matrix |
|
Types of connective tissue: |
-loose -dense -cartilage -bone -blood -plasma |
|
loose connective tissue |
-cells scattered within amorphous mass of proteins that form ground substance -strengthened by collagen and other proteins -fat cells found in loose connective tissue |
|
dense connective tissue |
-regular: collagen fibers parallel (ex: tendons and ligaments) -irregular: collagen fibers with many orientations (ex: organ and nerve coverings) |
|
cartilage connective tissue |
-protein fibers in long, parallel arrays -firm and flexible -chondrocytes (cartilage cells within spaces) |
|
bone connective tissue |
-calcium deposited in rings -haversian canals in center (nerves, blood vessels) |
|
blood connective tissue |
-cells and surrounding fluid -erythrocytes: contain hemoglobin; transport gases -leukocytes: immune response |
|
plasma connective tissue |
-fluid portion (water, ions, proteins) |
|
muscle tissue |
-contraction provides movement -3 types (smooth, cardiac, skeletal) |
|
smooth muscle tissue |
-spindle shaped -surrounds organs -no striations -involuntary -ex: diaphragm |
|
cardiac muscle tissue |
-only found in heart -striated -involuntary |
|
skeletal muscle tissue |
-attached to skeleton -striated -voluntary |
|
nervous tissue |
-transmits info |
|
neurons |
-produce and conduct action potential, transmits info -neuroglial cells: -don't conduct electrical impulses -support and insulate neurons -ex: schwann cells |
|
embryonic layers |
-most have three layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) -triploblastic -some have two layers (ectoderm, endoderm) -diploblastic |
|
Body cavity |
-triploblastic only -fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall -cushions internal organs -fluid forms a hydrostatic skeleton |
|
body cavity continued |
-true coelem: body cavity completely lined with mesoderm -psuedocoelem: body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm -acoelem: no body cavity |
|
embryonic development |
-triploblastic only -first opening in gastrola (blastopore) becomes mouth in protosomes, anus in deuterostomes |
|
animal phylogeny: five major groups |
-sponges -radially and bilaterally symmetrical eumetazoans -lophotrochozoans (non-molting protostomes) -ecdysozoans (molting protostomes) -deuterostomes |
|
sponges: |
phylum porifera -simple, sedentary animals without true tissues -filter feeders (water enters through pores in body --> central cavity--> out through opening) -choanocytes (collar cells) create water current, capture food particles -spicules (sharp mineral projections/ support and protection) -amoebacytes (move through body, produce spicules and protein fibers) |
|
cnidarians |
-phylum cnidaria -radial symmetry, true tissues, diploblastic -2 basic body plans: -sessile polyp (feeding, asexual reproduction) -motile medusa (dispersal, sexual reproduction) -cnidocytes (stinging cells, prey capture, defense/ eject barb [nematocyst] into prey) -ex: jellies, coral, anemones |
|
flatworms |
-phylum platyhelminthes -bilateral, triploblstic, acoelomate -marine, freshwater, damp terrestrial -parasitic, free-living -3 groups: -planarians -flukes -tapeworms |
|
planarians |
-free-living -light sensitive eye cups -simple nervous system -avoid light -branched gastrovascular cavity -food and waste go out and in same way -ex: dugesia |
|
flukes |
-parasitic -complex life cycles with multiple hosts -suckers for attachment -ex: clonorchis |
|
tapeoworms |
-intestinal parasites -ribbonlike body with repeated units (proglottids) -scolex anterior, attaches to host with hooks and or suckers -no mouth or gut- absorb food directly across body |
|
mollusca |
-phylum mollusca -triploblastic, bilateral, protostomes, coelomate -open circulatory system -body plan: -muscular foot (locomotion) -visceral mass (guts) -mantle (covers guts, may secrete shell) -radula (feeding) -3 main groups (gastropoda, bivalves, cephalopods) |
|
gastropoda |
-largest group of molluscs -fresh water, marine, terrestrial -single, spiral shell -radula for algae, plants -ex: snails |
|
bivalves |
-shells divided into 2 halves hinged together -filter feeders (most) -little to no cephalization -ex: clams, mussels, oysters |
|
cephalopods |
-fast, agile predators -large brains, sophisticated sensory organs (image-forming eyes) -closed circulatory system -no or reduced shell -radula modified into beak -ex: squid |
|
segmented worms |
-phylum annelida -triploblastic, bilateral, coelomate, protostomes -show segmentation (subdivision of body into repeated parts/ added mobility, specialization) -closed circulatory system, complete digestive system -terrestrial, marine, freshwater, parasitic -2 major groups (polychaetes, clitellates) |
|
polychaetes |
-largest group of annelids -each segment has a pair of fleshy appendages with stiff bristles -all marine -filter feeders, predators on sea floor -ex: feather duster worms |
|
clitellates |
-no parapodia, may have small bristles (setae) -have a clitellum (unsegmented region used in reproduction) -ex: earthworms -small bristles anchor in soil -eat way through soil -ex: leeches -free-living -blood-sucking parasites (some) -secrete hirodinin (numbs host) and anticoagulant |
|
round worms |
-phylum nematoda -bilateral, triploblastic, protostome, pseudocoelem -cuticle -complete digestive tract with mouth and anus -some parasitic -free-living and microscopic |
|
arthropods |
-phylum arthropoda -bilateral, triploblastic, coelomate, protostome -open circulatory system -most successful group of animals (from segmentation and hard exoskeleton) (ecdysis: molting, growth, repair) (jointed appendages modified for many functions [feeding, movement]) |
|
4 major groups of arthropods |
-chelicerates -myrapodia -crustaceans -insects |
|
chelicerates |
-terrestrial, some marine and freshwater -most predators, some parasites and detritivores -have chelicerae (pinching mouth parts) -ex: horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions |
|
myrapodia |
-numerous segments, each with walking legs -millipedes: herbivores, 2 pairs of legs per body segment, with chemical defenses -centipedes: carnivores, 1 pair of legs per body segment, poison fangs |
|
crustaceans |
-aquatic -chewing mouth parts -numerous legs -ex: crabs, shrimp, lobster |
|
insects (body plan) |
-head (feeding and sensory appendages) -thorax (movement; 3 pairs of legs, 1 or 2 pairs of wings) -abdomen (internal organs) |
|
reasons for being most successful group of animals |
-segmentation, exoskeleton -jointed appendages -waterproof cuticle -complex life cycle involving metamorphosis |
|
metamorphosis |
-complete metamorphosis: -egg --> larva--> pupa--> adult -larva and adult stages different -reduced competition between adults and larva -ex: beetle, butterfly -simple metamorphosis: -egg--> immature stages--> adult -less difference between adult and immature stages -ex: cockroach, bed bug |
|
echinoderms |
-phylum echinodermata -triploblastic, coelemate, deuterostome, radial symmetry -marine -calcium carbonate endoskeleton of ossicles -spiny skin -water vascular system: series of connected tubes, movement, gas exchange, prey capture, osmoregulation -larva bilateral, adults radial -ex: sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar |
|
chordates |
-phylum chordata -triploblastic, deuterostome, coelemate, bilateral -dorsal, hollow nerve cord -flexible, supportive notochord -pharyngeal slits -muscular post-anal tail -invertebrate chordates: tunicates, lancelets |
|
invertebrate chordates |
-suspension feeders -tunicates: -larva have chordate features, adults are sessile and lose notochord and tail -lancelets: -small, blade-like chordates buried in sediment -show all chordate characteristics throughout life |
|
evolution of vertebrate diversity |
-all vertebrates are chordates, not all chordates are vertebrates* -vertebrates have: -vertebral column (layer of protection around nerve cord) -distinct head -neural crest (ridge on embryo--> nervous system) -endoskeleton (bone or cartilage) |
|
vertebrate phylogeny |
SEE FIGURE 2719-1 |
|
jawless fish |
-cyclostomes -ex: hagfish and lampreys -have head and notochord -no hinged jaws or paired fins -scavengers, external parasites |
|
jawed vertebrates |
-gnathostomes -most vertebrates have hinged jaws -evolved from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits -allowed for capture of larger prey |
|
3 groups of jawed fish |
-chondrichthyans -ray-finned fish -lobe-finned fish |
|
chondrichthyans |
-cartilage endoskeleton -electrosensors on head -lateral line system locates prey -ex: shark, ray |
|
ray-finned |
-bony endoskeleton -flattened scales covered with mucus -operculum covers gill chamber -swim bladder (air filled sac maintains buoyancy) -most diverse group of vertebrates -ex: slamon, trout, etc |
|
lobe-finned fish |
-muscular fins supported by bones -ex:mudskippers, lungfish, coelacanth -one group was ancestor of tetrapods (terrestrial vertebrates with 2 pairs of limps) |
|
tetrapod transition to land |
-faced same problems as plants -gravity, dessication |
|
tetrapods: amphibians |
-first tetrapods on land -moist skin supplements gas exchange -return to water to reproduce -jelly-like eggs prone to dessication -ex: salamanders, toads |
|
tetrapods: reptiles |
-amniotic egg with four membranes, protects and supports embryo in self-contained structure: -1) amnion: fluid-filled sac surrounding embryo (protection, moisture) -2) chorion: outermost membrane (protection, gas exchange) -3)allantois: surrounds cavity (disposal of waste, gas exchange) -4) yolk sac: stores nutrients for embryo |
|
tetrapods: reptiles |
-waterproof skin with scales -ectothermic (absorb heat from environment) -ex: lizards, snakes, turtles |
|
birds |
-feathered reptiles -modified for flight: -feathers -flight muscles -endothermic -no teeth, few tail vertebrate (makes them lighter) -hollow bones with internal struts for support -amniotic eggs |
|
tetrapods: mammals |
-endothermic amniotes -hair (insulation, protection) -mammary glands -teeth (slicing, chewing, grinding) |
|
monotremes |
-egg laying mammals -ex: platypus |
|
marsupials |
-have placenta to nourish embryo -short gestation -complete development in pouch -ex: kangaroo, opossum) |
|
eutherians |
-have placenta -longer gestation -more developed young at birth -more complex placenta |
|
Which group within the protista gave rise to the sponges? On what evidence do you say this? |
Chaonoflagellates. Chaonocytes which are part of the sponges digestive system appear in both sponges and chaonoflagellates. |
|
Why are spicules used as a primary characteristic to classify sponges? |
Spicule shapes are basically the only variable in sponge morphology that is easily differentiated |
|
Sponges and cnidarians have no lungs or gills. How do they exchange gases? |
Pores in the sponge draw water in, water is diffused throughout the body with the aid of choanocytes, and then exits the body through other pores. |
|
Why are sponges considered to be an evolutionary dead end? |
Because they are so specialized in pumping water through their bodies that it is considered impossible to be modified into anything else |
|
Explain how cnidocytes with their nematocysts function in food capture and defense. |
They sting prey to immobilize or kill the prey and also allow the cnidarian to keep a hold of the prey, the sting produced is also to deter predators (because the sting hurts) |
|
How does digestion in cnidarians differ from digestion in sponges? |
Sponges use intracellular digestion and cnidarians do not |
|
Flatworms are the first organism we have discussed with an anterior-posterior orientation. How does this affect their movement compared to the movement of cnidarians? |
Cnidarians having no anterior or posterior orientation are able to shift in any direction without compromising sensory functions unlike flatworms and other animals with A-P orientation (there is no front or back to cnidarians) |
|
What are the disadvantages of a flatworm's digestive tract having only one opening? |
They have to wait for their food to be digested and exposed of as waste before they can eat again, which slows down the process of gaining nutrients. |
|
What are the advantages or radial symmetry for sessile animals such ad hydra and bilateral symmetry for more mobile animals such as planaria? What major evolutionary trends accompany bilateral symmetry? |
R.S. advantages- advantageous for sedentary animals because sensory receptors are evenly distributed around the body, and because the animal can just "sit down" and collect food while being able to detect predators from every direction B.S. advantages- allowed for development of a more thorough nervous system that can control the body which is located in the head region, bilateral symmetry also allows for a 1 track digestive system |
|
Of what economic importance are earthworms? |
They aerate the soil and their feces provide nutrients for plants. They are also used as bait. Therefore, they help farmers yield better (and more) crops and they help in catching fish which feeds millions of people. |
|
Do earthworms breathe since they have no lungs or gills? How do they obtain oxygen? |
They are cutaneous, meaning they "breathe" through their skin. Their skin must be moist in order for gas exchange to occur. |
|
Mollusks exhibit a variety of feeding methods. List three and describe adaptations and examples of each type. |
-scraping with radula, like snails who use this technique to get algae off of rocks and other surfaces -using radula to bore into other mollusks shells, one type of mollusk extends its radula to burrow into the shells of other mollusk and then "suck" out the flesh of the other mollusk for food -one species of sea slug will hunt sea jelly and consume their stinging cells for nourishment and will also concentrate some of those cells in its own body for protection |
|
In what ways does a snail shell function as a skeleton? |
The snail's organs are concentrated in the shell and provide protection for the delicate organs much like the endoskeletons of other animals |
|
Some land snails have a lung like tissue formed from a major layer of tissue. What is that layer? |
mantle |
|
What makes cephalapoda seem out of place from other mollusks? |
-no radula (it's modified into a beak) -predators -agile, speedy -sensory organs (image-forming eyes) -no external shell or mantle |
|
How would you define a head? What are the disadvantages and advantages of a head? |
I would define a head as the basis of nervous system function and where very complex sensory organs are located.
advantage-complex nervous system disadvantage-limited range of sensation |
|
Does an insect's exoskeleton limit growth? Why? |
No, the insect will shed their exoskeleton and grow a newer bigger one to accommodate growth. |
|
Which groups of arthropods appear the most distinctly segmented? The least? |
Most distinct are centipedes and millipedes Least distinct are arachnids |
|
Does each eye of a spider provide the same sensory input to the brain? Explain. |
No, the sides are usually for movement detection and the front are for pattern recognition |
|
What activities and body functions of arthropods require the most specialized appendages? Give several examples. |
Movement, eating, and sensation of the external environment |
|
What other group of organisms have chitin as part of its outer covering? |
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin |
|
What class of arthropods dominate the sea? |
Class crustacea |
|
What are the adaptive advantages of segmentation? |
Makes movement more efficient, and is a quick and simple way to add size in annelids
|
|
You are my beautiful bun I love you more than anything in the world
|
<3 |