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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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at the species level, the incidence of cancer does not correlate with the number of cells in an organism |
Peto Paradox |
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Why do larger organisms not have more cancer? |
More tumor supressor genes also |
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Graph of mortality and fecundity and |
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What about humans is so interesting when it comes to reproduction? |
Women live long after their reproductive usefulness |
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What is the grandmother hypothesis? |
women live after their reproductive usefulness to help take care of their kids |
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the amount of light that occurs each day |
photoperiod |
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Fluctuation in resource availability often determine what? |
The timing of life events |
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T or F: predation has little effect on organisms |
False, it can affect many life history traits such as time to and size at hatching etc) |
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If you hatch at earlier age, what happens to size? |
Smaller size but more offspring |
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Predation results in what lifesytle? |
Fast |
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What does global warming affect? |
Time of year when they breed or form nests |
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Increasing temperature means what? |
Earlier laying time for birds |
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Changes in temperature can alter the initiation of what? |
Flower production |
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What does the wall of death show? |
humans live long after reproduction |
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15 degree latitude correlated to what? |
65 degree temperature |
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Who discovered a lot about flowering dates in spring? |
Thoreau in Walden Pond |
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What might suffer when breeding season shifts out of sync with seasonal resource? |
Reproduction and survival |
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What has global warming done to catepillars? |
emerge earlier |
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Besides global warming, what also imposes strong selection on organismal life history? |
HUMAN activities |
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What has happened to cod as a result of humans> |
Selection against large size fishes, cod age at maturiy has decrease from 6 to 7 years |
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What are the two types of reproduction? |
Sexual or asexual |
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Organism can evolve in what two ways with respect to sex? |
separate sexes or as hermaphrodites |
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What are often balanced but can be modifies by natural selection? |
Sex ratios |
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What do mating systems describe? |
The pattern of mating between males and females |
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What does sexual selection favor? |
Traits that facilitate reproduction |
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Meiosis produces what? |
Gameres |
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What happens to allow mixing of genese? |
Recombination |
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What is anisogamy? |
sexual reproduction by the fusion of disimilar gametes, as the egg is larger |
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reproduction mechanism where progeny inherit DNA from a single parent |
asexual reproduction |
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asexual reproduction where an individual is produced from nonsexual (non- gametic) tissues of a parent |
vegetative reproduction |
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Reproduction by mitosis in multicellular organisms |
vegetative reproduction |
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individuals produced asexually from the same parent and bear the same genotype |
clones |
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division of into two identical cells with identical genomes |
binary fission |
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asexual reproduction where an embryo is produced without fertilization (without new sperm and egg combo) |
parthenogenesis |
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what happens during parthenogenesis? |
Females (diploid) lay eggs and turn into males (haploid) |
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Is there splitting of sister chromatids in meiosis in parthenogenesis? |
No |
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What does recombination allow in parthenogenesis? |
Often allows some new genotypes not necessarily clones |
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What are some of the ecological costs of sexual reproduction? |
1. Mate searching 2. lost opportunities to get food, 3. energy from mating behavior |
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females invest more resources |
anisogmony |
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What is the two-fold cost of sex? |
Asexual is faster but reproduction allows more genes |
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What is the cost of meiosis? |
Half of progeny have your genes in sexual reproduction |
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What is the solution to the two fold cost of sex? |
Reduce the cost of males by males priority resources for surviving offspring |
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How does hermaphroditism reduce the cost? |
By allowing production of birth egg and sperm |
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What is one of the largest benefits of sexual reproduction? |
Purging deleterious mutations |
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All of the following are benefits of sexual reproduction except: 1. Lower population extinction probability 2. decreased mortality due to new and or evolving pathogens 3. increase population growth rate in constant environments |
3. increase population growth rate in constant environments |
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Asexuals have a ______ extinction probability |
high |
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Besides actually purging the deleterious mutations, what is another benefit of sexual reproduction? |
Create new beneficial combos |
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Sexual reproduction benefits hosts by allowing faster evolution in response to rapid evolution of parasites |
red queen hypothesis |
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Parasites have a shorter what in comparison to hosts? |
Generation time |
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Caenorhabditis elegans are special why? |
Males or hemaphrodites, so they can reproduce both sexually and asexually |
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Due to the benefit of sexual reproduction that host evolves while the pathogen |
Does not |
