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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When living in a group, the cost of ______ is large |
Competition |
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How can the cost of competition among each other be seen in goldfinches living in groups? |
Time spent looking for new food patches is increased with increasing flock size |
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any area defended by one or more individuals against the intrusion of others |
Territory |
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When are resources useful? |
In territories and attracting mates |
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a social tanking among individuals in a group typically determined through contests such as fighting or other contests of strength or skill |
Dominance hierarchy |
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Linear hierarchy is an example of _____ hierarchy |
dominance |
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What is the benefit of being more dominant? |
Individuals get more food and mates |
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individual who directs a behavior toward another individual as part of a social interaction |
donor |
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individual who receives the behavior of a donor in a social interaction |
recipient |
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Suppose you dont know whether your partner will cooperate with you or not. In order to maximize your payoff, you should |
Defect and not cooperate |
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Fitness effect on you and other person is positive |
cooperation |
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Fitness effect on you is positive but negative on partner |
Selfish |
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Fitness effect on you is negative but positive on the other person |
Altruism |
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Effect on both people is negative |
spitefulness |
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Equation of effect on fitness of strategy on itself without social behavior |
effect on fitness of strategy on itself= effect of selection |
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Effect of selection equation with social behavior |
effect of selection= fitness effect on self of behavior of self + fitness effect on self of behavior of others |
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What is kin selection? |
Effect on selection= effect on self + genetic relatedness x effect partners on you |
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What does r equal? |
Genetic relatedness |
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Why does altruism exist? |
Chance of sharing genes |
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What is hamiltons rule? |
A rule that attempts to state why altruism exists |
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What is the equation for hamiltons rule |
-C + rB > 0 (meaning the behavior is under positive selection) C is the effect of self on self and B is the effect of other on self |
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Full siblings have relatedness of what? |
0.5 |
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Half siblings have relatedness of what? |
0.25 |
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Cousins have relatedness of who? |
0.125 |
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What is an example of altruism? |
Wild male turkeys can court in coalitions |
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Recall the hypothesis that grandmothers taking care of grandkids may help explain the evolution of human life spans that extend beyond the end of menopause. What is this an example of? |
Altruism |
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What are the four characteristics of eusocial animals? |
1. Several adults living together in a group 2. Overlapping generations of parents and offspring living together in the same group 3. Cooperation in nest building and brood care 4. Reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals, and the presence of sterile individuals |
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Individuals within a social group sharing a specialized form of behavior |
Caste |
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Example of workers and soldiers in the caste system |
Workers: get food Soldiers: Effected the nest |
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Dominant, egg-laying female in eusocial insect societies |
Queen |
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Drone |
Fertile- reaches sexual maturity |
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Worker |
Sterile- development stops before sexual maturity |
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Queen |
Fertile- reaches sexual maturity |
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In ants bees and wasps, r= what among sisters |
0.75, meaning altruism can still evolve |
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Pathway from queen to drone in ants, bees and wasps |
Queen--> female gametes produced by meiosis and then haploid males produced by direct development of egg, which is a drone |
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From drone and queen to worker |
Drone is male gametes produced by mitosis, added with queen produces diploid females produced by sexual fertilization which either makes the queen or worker |
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What is r among brothers and sisters in ants bees and wasps? |
0.25 |
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What is the ratio of female to male in some insect colones and why? |
3:1 because sisters are more related to than brothers |
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Termites live in colonies t or F |
True |
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What is the hierarchy in termites? |
King and queen mate and the king is the male who gets the most of the offspring (diploid diploid) |
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What is the reproductive hierarchy of mole rats? |
King and Queen do all reproduction and the offspring take care of new siblings (diploid diploid) |
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Moles rats have a low rate of what? Why? |
Cancer, cells easily stop dividing when near other cells |
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Is eusociality easy or hard to develop? |
Easy, as only a few independent origins suggest its not easy to evolve |
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The distribution of populations is limited to what? |
Ecologically suitable habitats |
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How many characteristics do population distributions have? |
Five |
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Can the distribution properties of populations be estimated? |
Yes |
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What are population abundance and density related to? |
Geographic range and adult body size |
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What is essential to colonizing new areas? |
Dispersal |
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Many populations live in distinct patches of what? |
Habitat |
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the pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population |
spatial structure |
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the range of of abiotic conditions (temp, humidity, salinity) under which a species can persist |
fundamental niche |
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Fundamental nice operates along____ dimensions |
Multiple |
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The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species can persist |
Realized niche |
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Realized niches are often ____ than fundamental niche |
Smaller |
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What are biotic conditions? |
Predators, pathogens, other competing species |
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Measure of the total area covered by a population |
Geographic range |
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small scale variation in the environment creates geographic ranges that are composed of what? |
Small patches of suitable habitat |
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Distributions of populations have what? |
Direct measurement of realized niches |
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What does the niche overlap result in? |
Competition between species |
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What two species experience competition in the realized niche? |
Lewis monkeyflower in the high niche and scarlet monkeyflower in the low niche |
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The lit up map would be useful for the following info about the human population? |
Realized niche |
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What does understanding the realized niche of a species aids in? |
Species conservation and can help to limit the spread of invasive species |
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Range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species |
ecological envelope |
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What is another definition of ecological envelope? |
Measure of realized niche estimate fundamental niche |
