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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How can populations be potentially modeled? |
Delayed logistic growth model |
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Damped oscillation graph |
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Damped oscillation graph with words |
Low or medium delay x grow rate |
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Stable limit cycle |
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Stable limit cycle with words |
large delay x Growth rate |
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What is one reason delayed density dependence may occur? |
Because the organisms can store energy and nutrient reserves |
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Graph comparing storage of resources vs no storage |
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Why can delayed density dependence occur because of life stage? |
When there is a time delay in development from one life stage to another |
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Are small or large populations more vulnerable to extinction? |
Small |
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How can the contradiction between negative density dependence and small populations more likely to go extinct? |
Resolved by incorporating random variation of growth rates |
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given the initial condition, the system changes over time in exactly predictable way |
Deterministic system |
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Given the initial, the system changes over time in a random by predictable way |
Stochastic system |
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Random changes that affect the whole at once, all individuals have increased or decreased growth for example--> large scale |
Environmental stochasticity |
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Random variation that affects each individual independently, small scale variation |
Demographic stochasticity |
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How does population size effect the probability of extinction |
Population grows exponentially, size of pop=N, suppose probablitiy that individuals leaves no offspring =u, probability will N leave no offspring |
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Which group of populations is least likely to go extinct? |
C, because they can adapt to different environments? |
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Preferred habitat often occurs as patches of suitable habitat surrounded by a matrix of what? |
Unsuitable habitat |
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Creation of patchy habitat from larger unbroken habitat |
Habitat fragmentation |
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When is fragmentation complete? |
When no dispersal, and each patch separate population |
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High quality patches that produce a large number of individuals that disperse to other patches |
Sources |
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Low quality patches that produce few individuals and rely on dispersal from sink populations to avoid extinction |
sinks |
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subpopulations connected by weak dispersal |
Roughly independent |
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Subpopulations connected by strong dispersal |
Roughly one large population |
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Less dispersal more easily leads to |
Local extinction |
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Rate of dispersal or connection can change the probability of what? |
Less extinction |
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In basic models of metapopulations, what do you assume? |
1. Habitat patches are of equal quality 2. each occupied patch has the same subpopulation size 3. each subpopulation supplies the same number of dispersers to other habitat patches |
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P hat is what? |
Fraction of patches in the metapopulation that are occupied |
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P hat equation |
1-e/c |
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What does e = |
probability a path goes extinct |
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What does c= |
probability an extinct recolonized |
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T or F: Habitat patches almost always have equal quality |
False, rarely do |
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Are unoccupied patches close to occupied patches more or less likely to be colonized? |
more |
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Supplementation of a declining subpopulation to prevent it from goring extinct |
Rescue effect |
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What does a larger area mean |
Less chance of extinction |
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More isolation correlates to a higher or lower chance of extinction? |
Higher |
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What can limit the abundance of species? |
Predators and herbivores |
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What two things fluctuate with relation to predation and herbivory? |
Populations of consumers and consumed populations |
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Predation and herbivory favor the evolution of what? |
Defenses |
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T or F: studies show predators have no effect on prey populations |
false predators have a large effect on prey |
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Introduced to a region of the world where they have not historically existed |
Introduced/ non-native species |
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Introduced species that spread rapidly and negatively affect other species |
Invasive species |
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Besides predators, what can also limit the abundance of prey? |
Parasitoids (parasites that kill and consume host) |
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relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores |
mesopredators |
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predators that typically consume both herbivores and predators |
Top/Apex predators |
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What is the hierarchy of predators at different trophic levels? |
Apex carnivores, mesocarnivores, herbivores, vegetation |
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Given the tropic relationships, which labeling best matches the figures at right? |
Top is coyotes and bottom is wolves (coyotes cause fawn to go down but wolves cause it to go up became wolves eat the deer but coyotes eat the wolves |
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Herbivores have the substantial effects on what? |
The plants they consume |
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Effects of herbivores can be seen experimental by what? |
Fencing areas or removing herbivores to prevent grazing |
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Lynx and hare are in a _______ year population cycle |
9-10 |
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What can happen to the females in the larnyx population? |
Stress of population drives down fertility of the females |