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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Darwin's theory and central questions
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Human's are descended from other species
1) How are emotions expressed in other humans and animals? 2) Where do emotions come from? |
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answers to darwin's questions
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reflex like mechanisms used in our genetic past, some of them very useful and some not (similar to an appendix, they were once useful but now are not.)
they show the continuity of our emotion's similarity with out infants selves and lower animals |
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Darwin's Tear example
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Adults cry but the tears serve no function like they do for a baby (to gain protection from mother), but they signal to the love partner that they are in need of help.
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William Jame's theory of emotional expression
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Emotion is just the perception of the physiological (autonomic and muscular action) when you react to a stimulus. Without emotion life would be dull.
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Freud
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Emotional life in adulthood, (results from), emotional relationships with caregivers in childhood.
Emotions in the present derive from emotions in the past, specifically early life emotions. Psycho analysis: Emotions are often blocked or distorted in expression as a defense from reality, but can be unblocked and dealt with through talking through them. |
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Aristotle
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Emotions are derived from beliefs, the emotions we feel result from our beliefs, so because we are responsible for our beliefs we are responsible for our emotions.
Catharsis: people learn to feel their own emotions and perceptions through half engaging in, watching, etc. this helps them cope |
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Rene Descartes
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6 main emotions: wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, sadness
these emotions are how our soul feels hunger, insights into our concerns and identities. our emotions are usually functional, but could sometimes be dysfunctional. |
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Modern perceptions of emotions functionality
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Emotions help us deal adaptively with issues at hand. Emotions bring urgency to certain issues until they are solved.
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The purpose of George Eliot's fiction (her beliefs)
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Sympathies can be used by artists to explain human suffering to others and needs of others.
Emotion can act as a compass (if there's no god) She wanted to do experiments with her art, both illuminate emotion with her characters emotions and evoke emotions within the reader |
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Magda Arnold's
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emotion is the felt tendency towards and for an object or the felt tendency to be away from an object.
- Objects are relational, we feel things about things outside of ourselves through appraisals of them. - Importance of evaluative appraisal and facial expression/feedback from the face. |
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Alice Isen's Mood Induction Research(s)
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Had participants either told they did well or did not do well on an experiment, those who were told they did well were more likely to help a stranger.
Gave random people presents in a mall, those who received them rated their cars and televisions better than those who received nothing. - Happiness makes people more creative in problem solving and language, it colors our perceptions of the world as well. - First set of experiments on emotion |
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dramaturgical/sociological perspective on emotion
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culture related roles, values, and social obligations determine our emotion.
we give "dramatic representations of ourselves" and define our social world which defines our moral world. - So people will sometimes cry or not cry at funerals depending on their culture culture regulates emotion's expression |
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Arlie Hochschild's emotional expression theory
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Emotional Labor:
constructing emotion in yourself (drawing from personal experience) can induce emotions positive or negative emotions in others. "treating someone like a guest in your own living room" - the person instructed to do this knows that feeling, and uses it to make others know that feeling. |
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Various Definitions of emotion (locally rational, and value based definition)
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- An emotion is a psychological state or process that mediates between our concerns (or goals) and events of our world...At any one time an emotion gives priority to one concern over others, it gives that concern urgency..Rather than thinking that emotions are irrational, psychologists now tend think of them as locally rational..they help us deal adaptively with concerns specific to our current context.
(emotions help us deal with things one at a time, they are "locally rational", so they can take away from attention to our goals but do so to benefit the now) - Emotions are the source of our values, including our deepest values: whom and what we love, what we dislike and what we despise. They help us form and engage in our relationships. (emotions are our values, values define how and who we make our relationships with) |
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Ekman's perspective
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Emotions evolved to deal with life tasks and stress
Each emotion has: signal, physiology, and opposite emotions (the feeling, the physical response, EG. happiness vs. sadness) Each emotion also has characteristic in common with other emotions: rapid onset short duration unbidden occurrence (didn't choose it) automatic appraisal (automatically noticed) coherence among responses (experienced the same) |
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Genetic similarities between humans and primates
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Humans/bonobos have 98% gene similarity.
genetically, emotionally, behaviorally, and in facial expressions are similar to each other. They can also express through basic vocal patterns. humans make much more complicated facial expressions (and can express more like emotions, attitudes, and expressions.) |
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Three main elements of Darwin's theory of evolution
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a) superabundance: animals and plants produce more offspring than are necessary merely to reproduce themselves.
b) variation: each offspring is somewhat different than others, and differences are passed on by heredity. c) selection: those characteristics that allow better adaptation to the environment are selected because they enable survival, and hence are passed on. |
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The Concept of Selection Pressure
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- Humans evolved in physical and social environments
- Humans needed to avoid threats like predators and find proper living needs - Many systems such as our preferences for sweet food, and aversion to bitter foods, are thermoregulatory systems, our fight and flight responses, developed in response to these selection pressures. |
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why love, monogamy, and jealousy might have an evolutionary basis.
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extramarital affairs are not uncommon
even in societies where one man can have several wives it's only because he's rich jealousy seems to be a evolutionary reaction to the breaking down of a family system (which means survival) which is why it is so strong |
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some of the main findings by primatologists such as Jane Goodall and Franz De Waal.
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Humans and apes like ingroup, and hate outgroup members. Chimps will hunt down and eat outgroup members and enjoy it.
Assertion and Hierarchy: enable group members to quickly decide how to make decisions and allocate resources. - they have the alpha male De Waal: champanzees will care for a hurt animals to no benefit to themselves - Previous antagonists will stay close and reconcile with each other. |
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Jame's Russell's two dimensional model of the emotional domain (early version)
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displeasure and pleasure crossed with arousal and sleepiness/updated version has deactivation and activation
Valence: pleasure or displeasure Arousal: |
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Robert Plutchik's synthesis theory of emotion 1-3
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1.The concept of emotion applies to all animals including humans.
2.Emotions have an evolutionary history and have evolved somewhat differently in different species. 3.Emotions serve an adaptive function in helping organisms deal with core survival issues posed by their environment. |
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Robert Plutchik's synthesis theory of emotion 4-6
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4.Despite different forms of emotional expression in different species, common elements and prototypical patterns can be identified.
5.There is a small number of basic, primary, or prototype emotions. 6.All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of the primary emotions. |
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Robert Plutchik's synthesis theory of emotion 7-9
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7.Primary emotions are hypothetical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics are inferred from various kinds of evidence.
8.Primary emotions can be conceptualized in terms of pairs of polar opposites: joy vs. sadness, acceptance vs. disgust, fear vs. anger, and surprise vs. anticipation. 9.All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to each other. |
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Robert Plutchik's synthesis theory of emotion 10 and his 8 basic emotions 1-4
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10.Each emotion can exist in varying degrees of intensity or arousal.
all emotions are built through the basic emotions: anger, joy, sadness, acceptance |
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Robert Plutchik's synthesis theory of emotion and his 8 basic emotions 5-8
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all emotions are built through the basic emotions: acceptance, disgust, expectancy, and surprise
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The I-self and the We-self in a cultural context
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I self is American, the idea that what is most important is that the individual foster their own needs and emotional growth. Given in the context of anger Americans will be angry at anyone and see nothing wrong with it.
We-self The ideas that community relations and the needs of society come before the individual. Anger at anyone besides rivals is unacceptable in Asian culture. |
