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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The uveal tract consists of? |
-- iris -- ciliary body --choroid |
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Type of muscle in the iris for birds and reptiles? Mammals? |
-- birds and reptiles: striated muscle -- mammals: smooth muscle |
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Why won't birds and reptiles respond to atropine? |
-- atropine targets smooth muscle, not striated |
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Things to consider with regard to pupil size? |
-- light -- species -- stress -- age -- light responses |
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What is mydriasis? Miosis? Anisocoria? |
-- mydriasis: large pupil -- miosis: small pupil -- anisocoria: different sized pupils |
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What is heterochromia iridis? |
-- both eyes, one eye, or a portion of one eye is one color |
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What is waardenburg's syndrome? |
-- deafness -- white coat -- heterochromia iridis (e.g. blue and green eye) |
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What is merle ocular dysgenesis? |
-- merle gene is autosomal dominant -- heterochromia iridis -- microphthalmia -- iris coloboma frequent (pupil deviated ventral) -- corectopia (iris position displaced) -- dark-rimmed pupil -- cataract frequent -- don't respond normally to dilating agents |
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What is iris coloboma? |
-- area of the iris that didn't develop normally -- pupil deviated ventrally |
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What is iris atrophy? |
-- iris literally just falls apart -- Senile uveal changes -- common in older small breed dogs -- pupillary light response will be reduced |
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What is a persistent pupillary membrane? |
-- persistence of the fetal membrane that supplies blood to the lens |
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Where does the persistent pupillary membrane arise? |
-- from the colarette region (mid iris) >> NOT from the pupil edge |
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If strands attached to the pupil are coming off of the pupil edge/margin? |
-- it's probably from a previous perforation >> anterior synechiae |
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Types of persistent pupillary membranes? |
-- iris to iris (most common) -- iris to cornea -- iris to lens >> could make cataract |
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Poster child for PPM? |
-- basenji |
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Remember that dermoids and PPMs are ______. |
-- congenital |
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Anterior synechia come off of the ____ ____. |
-- pupillary margin |
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Anterior synechiae are? Do what to the eye? |
-- secondary to injury -- make eye prone to other problems |
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Iris cysts arise form where? |
-- ciliary body epithelium -- back side of the iris has a dark layer of double epithelium that can blip off and float in pupil -- these are freely mobile & benign |
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Poster child for iris cysts? |
-- golden retrievers |
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What is uveitis? Commonly occurs with what? |
-- inflammation of the uveal tract -- commonly occurs concurrently with corneal ulcers |
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Presentation of uveitis? (clinical signs) |
-- conjunctival hyperemia -- corneal edema, vascularization, and keratic precipitates -- aqueous flare (cloudy aqueous) -- aqueous/inflammatory debris (fibrin) -- hyphema (free blood), hypopyon (WBCs) -- iritis, vitritis, cataract, lens luxation -- miosis, posterior senechiae, chorioretnitis -- debris on anterior lens capsule |
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Things that can cause hyphema? |
-- blood dyscriasis -- uveitis (inflammation >> leaky blood vv.) -- trauma -- neoplasia -- congenital causes (retinal detachment) -- systemic diseases, e.g. hypertension -- neovascularization |
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Hyphema can cause what? |
-- glaucoma -- fibrinous bands and synechiae -- occulsion of the pupil -- cataract -- phthisis bulbi -- recurrent hyphema -- corneal opacity |
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Corneal changes that are seen with uveitis? |
-- edema, vascularization, keratic precipitates (KPs) |
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What is aqueous flare? How can you observe this? |
-- protein in the anterior chamber fluid -- visible with slit beam lamp |
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What is a posterior synechia? |
-- iris forms adhesions to the lens (fibrin) |
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What is chorioretinitis? What might you see? |
--inflammation of the choroid and retina -- can see chorioretinal scars >> indicate past infection, parasite migration |
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What is granulomatous uveitis? |
-- lumpy, horrible looking iris -- usually due to significant underlying problem >> systemic disease -- end up with cataract |
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Etiology of uveitis? |
-- infectious disease -- neoplasia -- trauma -- autoimmune |
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Infectious disease that may cause uveitis? |
-- FeLV/FIV, toxoplasmosis, FIB, hemobartonella -- leptospirosis -- fungal (blasto, histo, crypto, coccidio) -- viral -- often idiopathic -- heartworm (inside the eye) |
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Autoimmune disease that can cause uveitis? |
-- uveodermatological syndrome -- equine recurrent uveitis -- pigmentary uveitis |
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What is uveodermatological syndrome? |
-- immune mediated -- usually snow breed dogs (akita, samoyeds, etc) -- suspect pigmented cells are target >> loss of pigment |
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What is pigmentary uveitis? |
-- eye appears normal initially -- changes occur around middle age -- decreased pressure -- increased pigmentation >> pigmentation of lens capsule -- posterior synechiae stuck to anterior lens -- progress to cataracts and secondary glaucoma |
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Therapy for uveitis? |
-- identify/treat underlying problem -- anti-inflammatory (topical, subconj., systemic) -- immunosuppressive medication -- atropine (watch for glaucoma) |
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Atropine is bad with glaucoma why? |
-- cause dilation (midriasis) >> further inhibit drainage at the drainage angle |
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Pressure in the inflamed eye should be ____. |
-- low >> should be lower than the "good" eye |
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Sequelae of uveitis? |
-- cataracts, lens luxation (loss zonular fibers) -- keratic precipitates -- corneal edema -- posterior synechia -- vitritis -- retinal scars or retinal detachment -- secondary glaucoma -- posterior synechiae -- lipemic aqueous |
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Dark keratic precipitates? |
-- neoplasia |
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DDx for posterior synechiae? How can you differentiate them? |
-- iris with iris atrophy >> will move |
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How can uveitis cause retinal detachment? |
-- choroid inflammation can rip the retina off -- inflammatory substances in retina can rip off parts of uvea |
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Confirmation of lipemic aqueous? |
take a blood sample and look for lipemia |
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Lipemic aqueous usually indicates? Will it resolve? |
-- hx high-fat food in the last 48h -- will usually clear quickly once high fat clears from system |
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Iris prolapse occurs with? Common in? |
-- occurs with corneal damage/perforation -- horses |
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What is enophthalmitis? Treatment? |
--inflammation of the globe but not the episcleral tissue -- enucleation and histopathology |
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Iris/choroidal tumors? |
-- primary intraocular tumors >> generally good prognosis for patient -- often involves ciliary body >> e.g. ciliary body melanoma -- send in globe for pathology |
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Melanoma presentation? |
-- iris freckle, diffuse iris melanoma -- flat, not elevated -- likely to cause secondary glaucoma >> once the cat develops glaucoma, remove eye >> otherwise, can go on for years w/o problem |