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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
metamorphic rocks formation
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high heat and pressure combine to alter the mineralolgy, or chemical composition of a rock W/OUT MELTING IT
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types of metamorphism
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regional- high heat and pressure affect a large region of the Earth's crust
contact- occurs when molten rocks come in contact with solid rock(closest to the intrusion, can be observed by a transition zone, usually associated with high temp. and low pressure) Hydrothermal- hot water reacts with rock and alters its chemistry |
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metamorphic textures
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foliated- wavy layers of bands(gneiss, slate)
nonfoliated- lack minerals with long axes in one direction (marble, quartzite) porphyroblasts- new metamorphic minerals grow large while the surrounding minerals remain small |
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how do minerals form w/out melting?
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stability ranges exist for minerals in solid rock
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classification of metamorphic rocks
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chemical composition
texture foliated or nonfoliated |
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natural resource
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any useful substance that comes from Earth
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type of natural resources
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renewable
nonrenewable |
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sedimentary rocks must be....
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clastic
organic/bioclastic crystalline/chemical/evaporites |
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clastic rocks are based on....
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most common
classified based on size of particles |
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porosity
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% of open space
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chemical
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form when minerals precipitate out of solution
monominerallic- made up of one mineral (limestone,rock salt/gypsum) |
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organic
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made from the remains of plants/animals
fossils- remains of preserved animals/plants |
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importance of sedimentary rocks
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can provide a "snapshot" of the Earth's past
energy resources(oil,natural gas) |
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weathering
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occurs wherever Eart's crust is exposed
a set of physical and chemical processes that break rock into smaller pieces |
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erosion and transport
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erosion- the removal and movement of surface materials from one location to another(wind, water, gravity, glaciers)
ALL SEDIMENTS ARE CARRIED DOWNHILL BY GRAVITY deposition-when sediemnts are laid down on the ground or sink to the bottom of bodies of water(largest grains at top) most sediments are deposited in depressions called sedimentary basins |
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lithification
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the physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks
begins with compaction- the weight of overlying sediments cementation-occurs when mineral growth cements sediment grains together into solid rock |
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features of sedimentary rocks
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bedding- horizontal layering(type depends of method of transport)
graded bedding- heavier and coarser particles are at the bottom cross bedding- forms as inclined layers of sediment move forward across a horizontal surface |
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classification of sedimentary rocks
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grain size
texture how they formed |
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igneous mineral composition
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felsic- light, hich silica
mafic- dark, low silica intermediate- moderate amounts of biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene |
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ultramafic rocks
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very dense
low silica high iron and magnesium |
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grain size
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depends on cooling rates
extrusive- formed at the surface quickly intrusive- formed below the surface fast |
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porphyritic texture
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a rock that has grains of two different sizes
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classification of igneous rocks
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chemical composition
mafic/felsic texture/grain size how they were formed |
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igneous rocks as resources
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veins- fluid left during magma crystallization fills in cracks in the surrounding rock
pegmatites-veins of extremely large grained minerals kimberlites-ultramfic rocks, where diamonds are found |
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history
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modern geology started in 1795 with James Hutton and the concept called uniformitarianism
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igneous rocks facts
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make up most of the crust
formed by cooling and hardening of hot molten materials(magma or lava) |
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magma composition
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silica most abundant compound
silica content affects melting temperature and lava flow |
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origins of magma
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as pressure increases, melting point increases
as water content increases, melting point decreases minerals have different melting points |
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Bowen's reaction series
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illustrates the relationship between cooling magma and mineral formation
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classification of minerals
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physical and chemical properties
chemical composition structure |
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a mineral must
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occur naturally
be solid be inorganic have a specific chemical composition have a definite crystalline structure |
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high heat and pressure combine to alter the mineralolgy
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or chemical composition of a rock W/OUT MELTING IT
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contact- occurs when molten rocks come in contact with solid rock(closest to the intrusion
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can be observed by a transition zone
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foliated- wavy layers of bands(gneiss
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slate)
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nonfoliated- lack minerals with long axes in one direction (marble
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quartzite)
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monominerallic- made up of one mineral (limestone
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rock salt/gypsum)
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energy resources(oil
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natural gas)
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erosion- the removal and movement of surface materials from one location to another(wind
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water
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felsic- light
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hich silica
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mafic- dark
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low silica
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intermediate- moderate amounts of biotite
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amphibole
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kimberlites-ultramfic rocks
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where diamonds are found
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as pressure increases
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melting point increases
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as water content increases
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melting point decreases
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