Reading...
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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phonemes
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the smallest
sounds in a spoken word; For example, the first sound or phoneme in “hat” is /h/. |
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Graphemes
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the letter “h”
represents the sound /h/ |
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Pre-alphabetic Level
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At this level, students become aware of the
relationship between sounds and letters. |
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Decoding strategies
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Students may finger-point and
sound out the words, becoming more and more fluent as they read |
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Early Alphabetic Reading
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Students at this level begin blending single
sounds into words. Most programs begin with printed words that have a limited set of sounds, (i.e., a few consonants and one or two vowels). |
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Mature Alphabetic Level
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students should know and be able to
decipher simple words. As they progress, students readily recognize often repeated initial letter groupings (ch, th, sh, sl, gr) and word endings (-ing, - ed, and –est) in orthography. |
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Orthography
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written language
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Orthographic Stage
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Students continue to practice reading and are
becoming familiar with larger and more complex words and sentence structures. They move from sounding out words, letter by letter, to learning new words by their analogy to known words. |
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Ways to increase comprehension
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1. Monitor comprehension
2. Use graphic or semantic organizers 3. Answer questions 4. Generate questions 5. Recognize story structure 6. Summarize |
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Reading assessments
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1. Repeated readings
2. Echo readings 3. Wide readings 4. Choose a story kids like 5. Watch dramatizatio |
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5 areas of to be addressed in reading classroom
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1. Phonemic awareness
2. Phonics 3. Fluency 4. Vocabulary 5. Text comprehension |
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Phonemic Awareness
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Effective phonemic awareness instruction teaches children to notice, think about, and work with (manipulate) sounds in spoken language
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Phonics
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the time for phonics instruction is
kindergarten or first grade |
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Fluency
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Oral reading is a useful tool for improving fluency; however, repetition and monitoring should be a part of the program.
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Word Identification Skills
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Help individuals recognize unknown words accurately
and rapidly. (phonetic analysis, structural analysis, and contextual analysis) |
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Root words
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word from which another word is developed
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Base words
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stand-alone linguistic unit which cannot be deconstructed or
broken down into smaller words. Ex. “re-tell,” the base word is “tell.” |
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Contraction
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shortened forms of two words in which a letter or letters have been deleted. These deleted letter have been replaced by anapostrophe.
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Prefixes
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beginning units of meaning which can be added, example: counter in counteract
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Suffixes
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ending units of meaning which can be “affixed” or added on to the ends of root or base words, example: -able in comfortable
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Compound word
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two or more base words are connected to form a new word; the meaning of the new word is in some way connected with that of the base word.
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Inflectional endings
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types are suffixes that impart a new meaning to the base or root word; these endings change the gender, number, tense, or form of the base or root words.
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Informative connotations
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definitions agreed upon by the society in which the learner operates. (Ex. a skunk is “a black and white mammal of the weasel family with a pair of perineal glands which secrete a pungent odor
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Affective connotations
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personal feelings a word arouses
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Capitonym
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word that is spelled the
same but has different meanings when it is capitalized and may or may not have different pronunciations [Ex. polish (to make shiny) and Polish (from Poland)] |
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Homonyms
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one of a group of words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings (Ex. stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (follow/harass a person)]
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Heteronyms
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words spelled the same way but have different pronunciation and meaning [Ex. desert (abandon) and desert (arid region)]
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Novels written about the Vietnam War
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• Apocalypse Now
• Full Metal Jacket • Platoon • Good Morning Vietnam • The Deer Hunter • Born on the Fourth of July • Hamburger Hill |
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Allegory
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A story in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices. There are two meanings, symbolic and literal. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim’s
Progress is the most renowned of this genre. |
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Autobiography
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A form of biography, but it is written by the subject him/herself
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Ballad
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An in medias res story told or sung, usually in verse and accompanied by music. Literary devices found in ballads include the refrain, or repeated section, and incremental repetition, or anaphora, for effect.
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Biography
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A form of nonfictional literature, the subject of which is the life of an
individual. |
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Drama
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Plays – comedy, modern, or tragedy - typically in five acts. Literary devices include asides, soliloquies and the chorus representing public opinion.
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Epic
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Long poem usually of book length reflecting values inherent in the
generative society. Epic devices include an invocation to a Muse for inspiration, purpose for writing, universal setting, protagonist and antagonist who possess supernatural strength and acumen, and interventions of a God or the gods. |
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Epistle
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A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but due to the fame of the sender and/or recipient, becomes public domain
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Essay
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Typically a limited length prose work focusing on a topic and propounding a definite point of view and authoritative tone.
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Fable
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Terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum. Chaucer's “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale” is a fine example of a beast fable in which animals speak and
act characteristically human, illustrating human foibles. |
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Informational books and articles
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Make up much of the reading of modern Americans. Magazines began to be popular in the 19th century in this country,
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Legend
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A traditional narrative or collection of related narratives, popularly
regarded as historically factual but actually a mixture of fact and fiction. |
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Myth
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Stories that are more or less universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions.
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Novel
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The longest form of fictional prose containing a variety of characterizations, settings, local color and regionalism. Most have complex plots, expanded
description, and attention to detail. |
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Poem
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The only requirement is rhythm. Sub-genres include fixed types of literature such as the sonnet, elegy, ode, pastoral, and villanelle
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Romance
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A highly imaginative tale set in a fantastical realm dealing with the
conflicts between heroes, villains and/or monsters. |
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Short Story
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Typically a terse narrative, with less developmental background
about characters. May include description, author's point of view, and tone. |
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Comedy
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The comedic form of dramatic literature is meant to amuse, and often ends happily. It uses techniques such as satire or parody, and can take many
forms, from farce to burlesque. |
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Tragedy
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Tragedy is comedy’s other half. It is defined as a work of drama
written in either prose or poetry, telling the story of a brave, noble hero who, because of some tragic character flaw, brings ruin upon himself. It is characterized by serious, poetic language that evokes pity and fear. |
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Dramatic Arc
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1. Intro
2. Conflict Development 3. Climax 4. Resolution |
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bildungsroman
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“novel of education” or “novel of
formation” and is a novel that traces the spiritual, moral, psychological, or social development and growth of the main character from childhood to maturity. |
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Fiction
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central character, called the protagonist, and a
character that stands in opposition, called the antagonist |
