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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
intermolecular dipole-dipole forces formed between hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and oxygen atoms of the other
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hydrogen bonds
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resistance of the thin outer layer of water to break or stretch
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surface tension
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any attractive intermolecular force, including dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonds, and London dispersion forces
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Van der Waals forces
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water molecules sticking to each other; water sticking to a container
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cohesion; adhesion
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due to adhesion and cohesion, water pulls itself to great heights in small-diameter tubes
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capillary action [capillarity]
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the resistance of a fluid to flow
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viscosity
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which is more viscous: saltwater or freshwater; cold water or warm water
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saltwater; cold water
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gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces for a particular object in a certain fluid
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Reynold's number
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an instrument that measures viscosity by turning a wheel and measuring the torque required to turn it at a certain speed
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viscometer
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the energy of moving particles
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heat
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the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1°C
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calorie
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which has a higher specific heat capacity: seawater or pure water
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pure water
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amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C
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heat capacity [specific heat]
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which heats and cools faster: land or water
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land
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energy required to break bonds and change the state of the substance, which is not accompanied by a change in temperature
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latent heat
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the change of phase of water from liquid to gas without reaching its boiling point, which occurs when some water molecules get an above-average amount of energy
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evaporation
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process of the solvent molecules surrounding the dissolved particles; what's this called when water is the solvent
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solvation; hydration
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physical properties different for a solution than for a pure substance
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colligative properties
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at what temperature does seawater freeze
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-2°C
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4 basic colligative properties
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boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure
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the movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration
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diffusion
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diffusion of water
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osmosis
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elements with different numbers of neutrons
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isotopes
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hydrogen isotope with a proton and a neutron; hydrogen isotope with a proton and 2 neutrons
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deuterium; tritium
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a substance that maintains pH because it can neutralize an acid/base and act as an acid/base
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buffer
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average pH of ocean water
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8.1
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2 chemicals responsible for alkalinity of ocean water
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ammonia and calcium carbonate
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main buffer in the ocean
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bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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layer of rapid temperature change; typical depth range
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thermocline; 300-1000 m
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line or surface of constant temperature
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isotherm
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3 ways heat can be transferred from one location to another
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radiation, conduction, convection
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why does a person get colder in water even if it is the same temperature as the air
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water conducts heat 25 times faster than air
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total amount of dissolved ions/salts/electrolytes in water; normal units of measurement
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salinity; ppt, g/kg
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compounds that break into separate ions when they dissolve in water
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electrolytes
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average amount of time a particular type of molecule stays in a reservoir, such as the oceans
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residence time
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line or surface of constant salinity
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isohaline
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at what latitudes is salinity greatest; why
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23.5°N/S (tropic of cancer and capricorn); high evaporation
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idea that major ion constituents of seawater are distributed in constant proportions throughout the oceans
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constancy of composition [law of constant proportions]
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what ion concentration is measured in seawater to find the overall salinity
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chloride concentration [chlorinity]
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Swiss chemist who discovered in 1819 that the main chemical ions are in the same proportions throughout the oceans
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Alexander Marcet
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scientist who firmly establish the law of constant proportions based on data obtained during the HMS Challenger expedition
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William Dittmar
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what gas concentration is measured in seawater to find the overall dissolved gas levels
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argon
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name given to water because it dissolves many chemicals
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universal solvent
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device that determines salinity by the electrical conductivity of a sample
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salinometer
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3 sources of salt in the oceans
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weathering, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents
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top 6 dissolved ions in seawater
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chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
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4 common methods of desalination
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distillation, freezing/thawing, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis
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desalintion technique where ions are pulled by electrodes (anode and cathode) between solutions through membranes
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ion exchange [electrodialysis]
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depth zone where salinity changes rapidly
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halocline
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saltiest marginal sea; saltiest body of water
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Red Sea; Dead Sea (a lake)
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average ocean salinity
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35 ppt
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what processes increase the salinity in an area
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evaporation, freezing
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what processes decrease the salinity in an area
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precipitation, runoff, melting
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what happens to dissolved salt when water freezes
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it is excluded from the ice
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layer where density changes rapidly; depth range
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pycnocline; 300-1000 m
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why does surface water not easily mix with deep water near the equator
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prominent thermocline
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density of pure water at 4°C; density of seawater
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1 g/mL; 1.025 g/mL
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3 factors that affect density
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salinity, temperature, depth/pressure
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describes the measurement of a property "in place," at a certain depth or location
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in situ
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at what temperature are the following most dense: freshwater; seawater
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4°C; -2°C
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what is the minimum salinity required for a sample of water to be most dense at its freezing point
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24.7 ppt
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a unitless ratio of the density of a liquid (g/mL) to the density of pure water (1 g/mL)
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specific gravity
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surface or line of constant density
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isopycnal
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a contour map showing lines of constant density (in sigma units) with respect to temperature and salinity
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temperature-salinity diagram [TS diagram]
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water with similar temperature and salinity characteristics, such as the Antarctic bottom water
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water mass
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3 layers of water based on density
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mixed layer, pycnocline [transition zone], deep layer
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how much depth change is required to increase pressure by 1 atm
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10 m (33 ft)
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real pressure at a certain depth, which includes atmospheric pressure (1atm) and pressure due to ocean
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absolute pressure
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pressure measured by gauges, which doesn’t include atmospheric pressure
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gauge pressure
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which holds more dissolved gases: cold or warm water
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cold water
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more gases can be dissolved under high pressures (in deep water)
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Henry's law
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what is the depth range of the oxygen minimum layer
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150-1500 m
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water that has no oxygen due to excessive decomposition (usually of algae), so anaerobes live in this type of water
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anoxic water
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water without much oxygen
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hypoxic water
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what common gas reacts with water to lower its pH; what acid does it form
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carbon dioxide; carbonic acid
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depth zone where calcium carbonate solubility increases rapidly with depth; how deep
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lysocline; 4000 m
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the depth at which calcium carbonate is dissolved at the same rate that it is replenished from above; how deep
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calcite compensation depth; 4500 m
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how fast does sound travel in water; how much faster is this than sound's speed in air
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~1500 m/s (3500 mph); 5x faster
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do the following increase or decrease sound speed: decreasing temperature; increasing density
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decreases, increases
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depth where sound travels slowest and gets trapped, so it travels great distances; how deep
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sound fixing and ranging [SOFAR] channel; 1000 m
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experiment to measure the temperature of ocean water by measuring sound speeds
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acoustic thermometry of ocean climate [ATOC]
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what colors of light penetrate the deepest in the ocean; which is attenuated the most
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blue, green; red
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the amount of substances suspended in water; opposite of this property
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turbidity; clarity
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decrease in light intensity due to absorption and scattering by particles
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attenuation
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measures transmission of visible light
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photometer
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a measure of how much light bends as it hits the interface between 2 substances
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index of refraction
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what are the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation from highest to lowest frequency
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gamma, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, radio
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is this statement true: high energy = high frequency = small wavelength
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fo' sho (yes)
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little pieces of plastic
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nurdles
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what animal eats plastic bags thinking they are jellyfish
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sea turtles
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the breakdown of plastics into many small pieces by sunlight
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photodegredation
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what percentage of oil in the oceans comes from natural hydrocarbon seeps
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47%
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where did Exxon Valdez crash and spill oil
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Prince William Sound, Alaska
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what event marked the largest manmade release of oil into the sea; when
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Persian Gulf War; 1991
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oil blowout that is the largest accidental oil spill; where
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Ixtox #1; Gulf of Mexico
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most radioactive sea in the world due to radiactive waste disposal
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Irish Sea
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2 industrial chemicals that are common, persistent, harmful pollutants
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PCBs, DDT
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place where a chemical manufacturing plant discharged lots of mercury into the water in the 1940s and 50s
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Minamata Bay, Japan
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floating waste or debris in the ocean; intentionally discarded waste
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flotsam/jetsam; jetsam
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pollution that doesn't come from pipes, so the source is a wide area or is hard to identify
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non-point-source pollution
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substance whose concentration is mostly affected by mixing and diffusion, so the it exists in constant proportions throughout the sea
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conservative
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substance whose concentration is mostly affected mostly by process(es) other than mixing and diffusion, so it doesn't exist in constant proportions
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non-conservative
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example of a non-conservative property: example of a conservative property
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oxygen levels (altered by productivity); salinity
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line or surface of constant depth
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isobath
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a level surface or contour that shows a constant value of some function dependent on location
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isopleth
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