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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how many catalogued marine species are there
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250,000
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why are there fewer marine species than land species
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less variable conditions in ocean
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most life is found on or above what geographic feature
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continental margin
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why is upwelling good for life
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brings up nutrients and dissolved gases
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why is productive temperate water yellow-green
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high densities of life and organic matter
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zone of water with detectable amounts of light
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photic zone
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zone of water extending from surface to the compensation depth (zone of most photosynthesis); range
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euphotic zone; 0-100 m
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depth where the rates of plant respiration and photosynthesis are equal, so the net primary productivity is zero
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compensation depth
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depth above which the total respiration equals the total photosynthesis
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critical depth
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zone where photosynthesis is rare, but light is detected; range
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disphotic zone; 100-1000 m
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depth zone without light; range
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aphotic zone; 1000+ m
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type of shore with the most species diversity
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rocky shore
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what percent of marine species live in the benthic environment
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98%
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ocean floor
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benthic environment
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sea floor on the continental shelf and shore
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subneritic province
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area of shore just above the high tide line that is covered with water during storms
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supralittoral zone [spray zone]
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area of shore between low and high tides
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littoral zone [foreshore]
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region extending from low tide line to the shelf break (200 m)
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sublittoral zone
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benthic regions of the suboceanic province; depth ranges
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bathyal zone (200-4000 m), abyssal zone (4000-6000 m), hadal zone (6000+ m)
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which has more biomass: benthic or pelagic environment
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pelagic environment
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open water above 200 m
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neritic province
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open water below the shelf break (200+ m)
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oceanic province
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sections of the pelagic environment by depth; depth ranges
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epipelagic (0-200 m), mesopelagic (200-1000 m), bathypelagic (1000-4000 m), abyssopelagic (4000-6000 m), hadopelagic (6000+ m)
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depth at which oxygen production is equal to oxygen consumption
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oxygen compensation depth
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depth with a maximum amount of nutrients
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nutricline
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depth of dissolved oxygen minimum
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700-1000 m
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daily mass movement of organisms up and down in the open ocean; 2 possible causes
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diel/vertical migration; food, reproduction
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layer of many organisms that reflects sonar, producing false depth recordings
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deep scattering layer
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how deep is the deep scattering layer during the: day; night
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900 m; 100-200 m
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what pelagic zone contains most of the bioluminescent organisms
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mesopelagic zone
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3 layers of lakes by density
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epilimnion, pycnocline, hypolimnion
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group of interbreeding individuals that is reproductively isolated from other similar groups
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species
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group of individuals of one species in a particular area
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population
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members of multiple species living in an area and interacting
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community
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all the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of an area that interact
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ecosystem
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transition or interface between two different ecosystems
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ecotone
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collection of similar ecosystems with similar climates
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biome
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classification of organisms based on where they get their energy from
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trophic levels
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3 basic trophic classifications
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producers, consumers, decomposers
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mostly bacteria, these heterotrophs break down organic compounds from waste or dead organisms into inorganic compounds to get energy
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decomposers
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diagram of all energy flow between organisms of a community
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food web
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simplified linear diagram of energy flow from producer to final consumer
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food chain
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process of bacteria decomposing detritus and then being eaten by consumers
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microbial loop
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dependent biological relationship between two organisms that one or both of them need to survive
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symbiosis
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3 types of symbiosis
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mutualism (+ +), commensalism (+ 0), parasitism (+ –)
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mutualistic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria or algae
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lichen
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species that has a large impact on an ecosystem, so if its population is altered, it will affect many other species
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keystone species
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oppurtunistic species that have high birth rates
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r-selected species
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equilibrium species that have low birth rates but are competitive
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K-selected species
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maximum population that can be supported by an environment
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carrying capacity (K)
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typical inhabitants of hydrothermal vent communities
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giant clams, giant tube worms, mussels, white crabs
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many hydrothermal vent organisms, such as tube worms, have symbiotic relationships with what organism
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archaeabacteria
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what 2 chemicals can archaebacteria use for chemosynthesis
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methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
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shallow body of water partially or completely isolated from the open ocean by a barrier island or a coral reef
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lagoon
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long, narrow, shallow, hypersaline lagoon off the coast of Texas that has the opposite of normal estuarine circulation
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Laguna Madre
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ecosystem with brackish water (17 ppt) that forms where a river meets the ocean
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estuary
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partially submerged, sheltered shore area with lots of plant life
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wetland
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how are wetlands beneficial to humans
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control floods, reduce erosion, remove pollutants from runoff
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2 types of wetland; latitude ranges
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salt marsh (30-65), mangrove swamp (0-30)
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root structure of mangrove trees that provides a home for organisms and collects sediment, which can result in the formation of a new island
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mangal
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tubular extensions from a mangrove tree's horizontal roots that pop above the water’s surface and provide oxygen for the buried roots
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pneumatophores [mangrove knees]
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roots that extend from a mangrove's trunk and prop it up and give it oxygen
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aerial/prop roots
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largest area of mangrove swamps in North America with mostly red mangroves
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Everglades, Florida
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largest mangrove ecosystem in the world
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Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, India
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ecosystem seaward of a salt marsh that lacks macroscopic plant life
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mudflat
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algae adapted to grow on sediment in mudflats (includes diatoms and dinoflagellates)
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epipsammic algae
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remains of marsh plants that get buried under barrier islands and can harvested by humans to burn
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peat deposits
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marine ecosystem with the greatest species diversity
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coral reef
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what is the minimum temperature required for coral reefs to survive
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18 C
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calcium carbonate exoskeletons secreted by coral polyps
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corallites
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zone of a coral reef above 20 m
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buttress zone
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are the following quantities high or low in a coral reef: light transmittance; nutrients
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high; low
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who proposed the stages of development of coral reefs
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Charles Darwin
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youngest stage of a reef that closely borders the shore
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fringing reef
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intermediate stage of a reef with a lagoon separating the reef from land
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barrier reef
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longest reef in the world; how long
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Great Barrier Reef, Australia; 2000 km
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oldest stage of a reef caused by the complete submersion of an island, resulting in a circular reef with a lagoon in the middle
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atoll
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unusually deep lagoon in an atoll east of Belize that is good for diving
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Great Blue Hole
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2 shoreline habitats
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rocky shore, sandy shore
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most common carbon-containing compound in the ocean
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bicarbonate
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calcium (Ca+2) is combined with carbonate ions (CO3-2)to make calcium carbonate for a shell
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calcification
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conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to other compounds, such as ammonia (NH3)
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nitrogen fixation
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exampe of organisms that do nitrogen fixation
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cyanobacteria
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conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-) or nitrite (NO2-)
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nitrification
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where are most fisheries found
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upwelling regions above non-tropical shelves
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top 3 fishing nations
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China, Peru, USA
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amount of fish that can be harvested while still maintaining a safe number of fish to reproduce
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maximum sustainable yield
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rate of young fish becoming adults
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recruitment rate
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unwanted fish or other animals unintentionally caught by fishers
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bycatch [incidental catch]
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what organism was once used to locate schools of tuna
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dolphin
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a long line with many hooks is dragged through the water with floats
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long-line fishing
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a net is drawn around a school of fish and the mesh size depends on target fish
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purse seine fishing
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dragging a net along the sea floor in order to get demersal and benthic organisms
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trawling
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invisible net that fish swim through and get caught in
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gillnet/driftnet
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fishing method where a person squirts a toxic substance on reef fish to stun them and take them for aquariums
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cyanide fishing
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fishing method where an explosive is used to stun fish in the area
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dynamite fishing
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excrement from birds that is high in phosphorus and nitrogen, so it is used in fertilizer
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guano
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rearing fish eggs in hatcheries, then releasing the young fish into the sea (type of mariculture)
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ocean ranching
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cultivation of a single species; cultivation of many species to increase self-sufficiency of the system
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monoculture; polyculture
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does biodiversity give a good measure of the health of an ecosystem
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yes
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large abundance of harmful dinoflagellates that secrete toxins
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red tide
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deadly neurotoxin produced by some dinoflagellate species that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning
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saxitoxin
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algal bloom that starts when light becomes available; algal bloom that starts when nutrients become available
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spring bloom; fall bloom
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area of water with low oxygen because it has been used by decomposers to decompose algal blooms
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dead zone
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location of the most prominent dead zone in the US that forms annually and grows bigger each year
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Mississippi river mouth
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gas produced by plants at the ocean’s surface that causes the characteristic smell of the sea
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dimethyl sulfide (DMS)
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introduction of man-made substances or energy that harm the environment
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pollution
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the input of excess nutrients into a body of water which leads to high productivity
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eutrophication
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reduction of nutrient availability which leads to low productivity
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oligotrophication
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determination of the concentration of pollutants that harm marine life
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bioassay
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method of using microorganisms to help clean up pollution
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bioremediation
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the ratio of energy obtained by a given trophic level to the amount of energy available to that trophic level
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ecological efficiency
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average ecological efficiency
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10%
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one generation of a population or a group of individuals born together
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cohort
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breakdown of organic materials into inorganic forms of elements that can be done by decomposers or other processes
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mineralization
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2 most productive marine ecosystems
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estuaries and wetlands
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most productive marine, non-coastal ecosystem
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coral reef
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rate of production of organic matter by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis in a certain place in a given amount of time
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gross primary productivity
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gross primary productivity minus the rate of cellular respiration done by the producers that produce the organic matter
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net primary productivity
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for positive net primary productivity to occur, where should the mixing depth of nutrients be in relation to the critical depth
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above the critical depth
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rate of accumulation of consumer biomass
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secondary productivity
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number of organisms or biomass present in an area or volume at a given time
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standing stock/crop
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movement of carbon and other nutrients from the euphotic zone to deeper water and deep sediment; percent accumulation
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biological pump; 1%
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why are the centers of gyres like deserts (low productivity)
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low nutrient availability
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substance that accumulates in shellfish, is produced by certain diatom species, and causes amnesic shellfish poisoning
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domoic acid
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what film was inspired by the abnormal effects of domoic acid on birds
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The Birds
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seafood poisoning caused by eating reef fish with dinoflagellate toxins in them
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ciguatera
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genus of dinoflagellate responsible for massive fish kills, especially off the coast of NC
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Pfiesteria
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how deep was the deepest fish captured
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7230 m
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column of rotating water similar to an eddy that traps nutrients and plankton above a seamount due to deflection of a current
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Taylor column
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