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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 domains of life
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eukarya, bacteria, archaea
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which domain of life prefers extreme conditions
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archaea
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5 kingdoms of life initially proposed by Robert Whittaker but modified
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monera, animalia, plantae, fungi, protista
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kingdom for cyanobacteria
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monera
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domain for methanogens
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archaea
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mutaulistic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria or algae
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lichen
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2 grasses that inhabit coastal environments
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eelgrass (Zostera), surf grass (Phyllospadix)
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systematic classification of organisms; who developed basis for modern classification
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taxonomy; Carolus Linnaeus
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7 levels of classification from largest to smallest
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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dolphin fish
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mahi mahi
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organisms that float
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plankton (plankters)
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organisms that swim
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nekton
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bottom dwelling organisms
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benthos
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which mobility classification accounts for the most biomass in oceans
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98%; plankton
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organism that can produce its own food (does photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)
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autotroph
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organism that feeds primarily off of other organisms
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heterotroph
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autotrophic plankton; heterotrophic plankton
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phytoplankton; zooplankton
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organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton
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holoplankton
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organisms that spend only part of their lives as plankton
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meroplankton
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common floating type of brown algae called seaweed or kelp
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Sargassum
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size classification of benthic invertebrates that live between grains of sand
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meiofauna
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very small plankton including bacteria
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picoplankton
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extremely small plankton including viruses
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femtoplankton
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nekton that migrate to freshwater to spawn but spend most of their lives in the ocean; example
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anadromous organisms; salmon
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nekton that migrate to the ocean to spawn but spend most of their lives in freshwater; example
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catadromous organisms; eels
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organisms living on the surface of ocean floor (can be attached or moving)
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epifauna
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organisms living buried in the sea floor
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infauna
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organisms that swim just above the sea floor; example
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nektobenthos, or demersal organisms; stingray
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number of catalogued marine species
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250,000
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environment that is the open ocean water including waters above the continental shelf
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pelagic environment
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percent of marine species inhabiting the benthic environment
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98%
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substance of all living matter; what percentage of it is water by mass
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protoplasm; 80%
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a substance's internal resistance to flow; greater for cool or warm water
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viscosity; cool water is more viscous
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Swiss scientist who funded biological oceanographic research and designed sampling devices
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Alexander Agassiz
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why do smaller plankton float better
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high surface area to volume ratio
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having a shape that offers the least resistance to fluid flow or the least drag
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streamlining
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organisms that can withstand only very small temperature changes
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stenothermal
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organisms that can withstand large and rapid temperature changes
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eurythermal
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coastal organisms that tolerate large changes in salinity
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euryhaline
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open ocean organisms that can tolerate only small changes in salinity
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stenohaline
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movement of a substance through a fluid to areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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diffusion
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movement of water from areas of high water content to areas of low water content
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osmosis
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salinity of an organism's fluid equals that of its surroundings
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isotonic
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organism with more dissolved ions in it than the surroundings; less dissolved ions?
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hypertonic; hypotonic
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how do marine fish dispose of salt in the saltwater they drink
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chloride cells in gills
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does warm or cold water hold more dissolved gas
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cold water
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respiratory organs that exchanged gases directly with seawater
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gills
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small blood vessels in gills that exchange gases
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capillaries
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amount of suspended sediment in water
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turbidity
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dark coloring on top and light coloring on the bottom to blend in
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countershading
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color patterns displayed to look like the variable colors of the environment (tropical fish)
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disruptive coloration
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false bottom that tricks depth recorders due to dense packing of marine organisms
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deep scattering layer (DSL)
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when is the deep scattering layer deeper; how deep?
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day; 900 m
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how deep is the deep scattering layer during the night
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100 to 200 m
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what 2 factors influence the migration of the deep scattering layer
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feeding, avoiding predators
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what is the depth of water that is equivalent to 1 atm (14.7 psi) of pressure
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10 m (33 ft)
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pelagic waters extending from shore to a depth of 200 m, which is above the continental shelf and part of the slope
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neritic province
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pelagic waters with depths greater than 200 m
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oceanic province
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4 sections of the oceanic province from top to bottom and depths
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epipelagic zone (0-200m), mesopelagic (200-1000m), bathypelagic (1000-4000m), abyssopelagic (4000+m)
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inventors of the first form of scuba equipment
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Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan
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first form of scuba equipment invented in 1943
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Aqualung
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what does scuba stand for
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self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
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disorienting condition caused by excessive amounts of nitrogen in blood of divers at great depths
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nitrogen narcosis
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diving problem associated with ascending too quickly resulting in a build-up of nitrogen bubbles blocking blood vessels
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decompression sickness (the bends)
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mixture of gas typically used for very deep dives
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heliox (helium, oxygen, hydrogen)
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depth of record ocean dive
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534 m
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light zone extending from surface to 100 m (below which photosynthesis cannot be done)
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euphotic zone
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light zone extending from 100 m to 1000 m (below which light cannot be detected)
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disphotic zone
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light zone below 1000 m where there is no light
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aphotic zone
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what is the depth of the oxygen minimum layer (oml)
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700-1000 m
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capability of some organims to produce light and glow
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bioluminescence
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light-producing cells of bioluminescent organisms
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photophores
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layer where bioluminescent organisms are usually found
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mesopelagic zone or disphotic zone
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term for dead and decaying organic matter including waste
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detritus
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type of pigment molecule that releases photons when excited
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luciferin
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ordinary pigment cells that reflect light
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chromatophores
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transitional benthic region just above the high tide line
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supralittoral zone (spray zone)
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benthic environment extending from surface to 200 m
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subneritic province
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benthic environment below 200 m
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suboceanic province
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benthic environment between tides (aka the intertidal zone)
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littoral zone
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benthic environment below low tide but above 200 m
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sublittoral zone
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benthic environment corresponding to the continental slope; depths?
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bathyal zone (200-4000 m)
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benthic environment between 4000 and 6000 m
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abyssal zone
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deepest benthic environment found only in trenches below 6000 m
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hadal zone
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