Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mapping and charting of the sea floor
|
bathymetry
|
|
measuring depth
|
sounding
|
|
device that measures depth
|
depth recorder, echo sounder
|
|
sound signal sent and detected by echo sounders
|
ping
|
|
1 fathom
|
6 feet
|
|
PDR; when was it developed
|
precision depth recorder; 1950s
|
|
sonar stands for?
|
sound navigation and ranging
|
|
ship that made the first truly oceanographic expedition and obtained bathymetric data
|
HMS Challenger
|
|
what was the first multibeam echo sounder
|
Seabeam
|
|
what is the maximum width that can be mapped by a side-scan sonar system
|
60 km
|
|
strip of ocean floor mapped by sonar systems
|
swath
|
|
examples of side-scan sonar systems
|
GLORIA, Sea MARC
|
|
the sea floor can be mapped from space due to anomalies in sea surface height caused by what
|
gravity from bottom features (seamounts)
|
|
data about rock layers obtained from underwater man-made low-frequency explosions
|
seismic reflection profiles
|
|
a curve showing the distribution of land at certain elevations and depth
|
hypsographic curve
|
|
first oceanographic satellite; what did it measure
|
Seasat A; ocean surface temperature
|
|
what satellite replaced TOPEX/Poseidon for measuring sea surface heights
|
Jason-1
|
|
area extending from coast to the bottom of the continental rise
|
continental margin
|
|
continental margin with no plate boundaries nearby
|
passive margin (Atlantic-type margin)
|
|
continental margin with a plate boundary nearby (typically convergent; sometimes transform)
|
active margin (Pacific-type margin)
|
|
flat zone extending from the shore to the top of the continental slope
|
continental shelf
|
|
edge of the continental shelf; average depth
|
shelf break; 135 m
|
|
offshore area along California where transform faults result in basins and islands
|
"continental borderland"
|
|
name the sections of offshore features starting from land
|
continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise, ocean basin (abyssal plain)
|
|
V-shaped indentation in some parts of the continental slope
|
submarine canyon
|
|
cause of submarine canyon; a rapid flow of sediments down a continental slope spurred by an earthquake
|
turbidity current
|
|
succcessive deposits of sediment sorted by size that form the continental rise
|
graded bedding
|
|
large deposit of turbidite sediment at the bottom of a single submarine canyon; collectively form continental rise
|
deep-sea fan (submarine fan)
|
|
largest deep-sea fan in the world
|
Indus Fan, west of India
|
|
Jacques-Yves Coustaeau's early attempt at an underwater living station
|
Continental Shelf Station (Conshelf)
|
|
US Navy's underwater living project which included a trained dolphin
|
Sealab
|
|
in graded bedding, are the largest or smallest rocks at the bottom
|
largest rocks on bottom
|
|
process that forms flat abyssal plains by depositing sediments over millions of years
|
suspension settling
|
|
volcanic peaks that are less than 1 km tall
|
abyssal hills (seaknolls)
|
|
areas of abundant abyssal hills
|
abyssal hill provinces
|
|
a deep, narrow, steep-sided area beyond the continental slope at subduction zones
|
trench
|
|
longest trench in the world; length?
|
Peru-Chile trench of Pacific Ocean; 5900 km
|
|
the region along the edges of the Pacific Oceans with the majority of Earth's volcanoes and earthquakes
|
Pacific Ring of Fire
|
|
which has gentler, less rugged slopes: mid-ocean ridge or rise
|
mid-ocean rise
|
|
smooth rocks that form around underwater volcanoes due to quick cooling of basaltic lava
|
pillow lava (pillow basalts)
|
|
the spread of warm, mineral-rich, low-density water from the eruption of an underwater volcano
|
megaplume
|
|
fractures near sea-floor spreading centers (mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys) where hot seawater comes out
|
hydrothermal vents
|
|
type of hydrothermal vent with temperatures below 30C and clear water
|
warm-water vent
|
|
type of hydrothermal vent with temperatures between 30 and 350C and white, barium-sulfide-rich water
|
white smoker
|
|
type of hydrothermal vent with temperatures above 350C and black metal sulfides
|
black smoker
|
|
why doesn't steam come out of hydrothermal vents instead of liquid water
|
high pressure
|
|
typical organisms found in hydrothermal vent communities
|
clams, mussels, tubeworms
|
|
how tall are the tallest black smokers
|
60 m
|
|
bacteria use what molecule to do chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents
|
hydrogen sulfide
|
|
area around the French Polynesia where much of Earth's heat is released
|
Superswell
|