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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an atom that has gained a charge
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ion
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intermolecular force experienced between water molecules
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hydrogen bond
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water molecules sticking together
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cohesion
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resistance of the thin outer layer of water to break or stretch
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surface tension
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water molecules sticking to other polar molecules
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adhesion
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water molecules completely surround ions
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hydration
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solvent molecules completely surround solute ions
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solvation
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the state of ions dissolving
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dissociation
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water's nickname due to its ability dissolve a wide range of substances
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the universal solvent
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any attractive intermolecular force
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van der Waals force
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the energy of moving particles
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heat
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measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules
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temperature
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amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius
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calorie
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amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius
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heat capacity
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the heat absorbed by water as it changes phase without changing temperature
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latent heat
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synonymous with "latent heat of melting"
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heat of fusion
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the change of phase of water from liquid to gas without reaching the boiling point
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evaporation
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which takes more energy per gram of liquid: evaporation or vaporization?
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evaporation
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what property of water causes it to experience less temperature variation than land
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heat capacity
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what is the density of pure water
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1 g/mL
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at what temperature is pure water most dense
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4 *C
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ice is less dense than liquid water because molecules line up in a more spread out ________ structure
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lattice
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property that accounts for floating ice
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thermal expansion
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the law stating that more gas can be dissolved under higher pressures
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Henry's law
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average salinity of sea water
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3.5% (35 ppt, 35 g/kg, 35 %subo)
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name the top 6 dissolved salts in sea water from most to least concentrated
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chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
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what are the top 3 dissolved gases in sea water from most to least concentrated
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carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen
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what are the top 4 nutrients dissolved in sea water from most to least concentrated
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silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron
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idea that major dissolved consituents occur in the same proportions in sea water everywhere
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principle of constant proportions (constancy of composition)
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what scientist aboard HMS Challenger firmly established the principle of constant proportions
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William Dittmar
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what ion concentration is measured most often to find the concentration of all dissolved ions in sea water
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chloride
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what constant is multiplied by the chlorinity to get the salinity of a sea water sample
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1.80655
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instrument that measures the conductivity of a sample to find its salinity
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salinometer
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what is the ship of the first truly oceanographic expedition
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HMS Challenger
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what influential biologist incorrectly asserted that life could not exist below 550 m due to high pressures and low light
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Edward Forbes
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who led the HMS Challenger expedition beginning in 1872
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Charles Wyville Thomson
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at what temperature does sea water freeze
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-2 *C
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which is not a good conductor: pure water or sea water?
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pure water
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what is the approximate density of sea water
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1.03 g/mL
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what is the average pH of sea water; basic or acidic
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8.1; basic
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why is the ocean blue/green
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blue/green light is scattered most
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sea water that is diluted by fresh water
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brackish water
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what processes reduce the salinity of sea water
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precipitation, runoff/rivers, melting ice
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what processes increase the salinity of sea water
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freezing, evaporation
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the process of ice chunks breaking free of coastal glaciers
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calving
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what is the dominant buffer in sea water
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bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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the movement of water from high concentrations to low concentrations
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osmosis
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why is most young sea ice somewhat salty (4 to 15 ppt)
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it contains brine droplets trapped in structure
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what percentage of earth's water is in the oceans
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97.20%
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what percentage of earth's water is in glaciers and ice caps
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2.15%
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average length of time a substance remains in a particular reservoir
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residence time
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at what latitudes is salinity greatest
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23.5 *N/S (tropics of cancer and capricorn)
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the layer of rapidly changing salinity from extreme to intermediate
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halocline
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an orthographic plot that shows density vs. salinity and temperature
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temperature-salinity diagram (TS diagram)
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what 3 factors influence density
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temperature, salinity, pressure/depth
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what are the typical depth intervals of the halocline, thermocline, and pynocline
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300-1000 m
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the layer of sea water where density increases rapidly with depth
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pycnocline
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the layer of sea water where temperature decreases rapidly with depth
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thermocline
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at what latitudes are the pycnoclines more prominant
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tropical latitudes, near the equator
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what are the 3 density zones of the oceans by depth starting from the shallowest
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mixed surface layer, pycnocline (upper water), deep water
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filtration of sea water to create potable freshwater
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desalination
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name the top 4 methods of desalination
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freezing/melting, distallation (boiling/condensing), electrodialysis, reverse osmosis
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a desalination method where electrodes pull ions from sea water through membranes
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electrodialysis
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a desalination method where water molecules are pushed by high pressure through membranes
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reverse osmosis
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what is the smallest salinity for which the density of the water is greatest right at the melting point
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24.7 ppt
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